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Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation:
A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988
By James Pelkey
Introduction
Chapter 1: Data Communications: Emergence 1956-1968
Chapter 2: Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959-1968
Chapter 3: Data Communications: Market Competition 1969-1972
Chapter 4: Networking: Arpanet 1969-1972
Chapter 5: Data Communications: Market Order 1973-1979
Chapter 6: Networking: Diffusion 1972-1979
Chapter 7: Networking: Emergence 1979-1981
Chapter 8: Networking: Market Competition 1981-1983
Chapter 9: Standards: An Enabling Institution 1979 -1984
Chapter 10: Networking: Market Order - LANs 1983-1986
Chapter 11: Data Communications: WANs 1979-1986
Chapter 12: Internetworking: LANs over WANs 1983-1988
Epilogue
0.0 Introduction
0.1 Entrepreneurial Capitalism
0.2 From Ideas to Entrepreneurs to Adaptive Corporations
0.3 Firms constructing social networks as Populations
0.4 Three Revolutions in Computer Technologies and Corporate Usage 1968-1988
0.5 Institutional Change in Communications: Deregulation and Break-up of AT&T
Modems and Multiplexers
1.0 Overview
1.1 Beginnings of Modem Competition: Codex and Milgo 1956-1967
1.2 Carterfone, AT&T and the FCC 1948- 1967
1.3 The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
1.4 The FCC and Computer Inquiry I 1966-1967
1.5 Codex and Milgo: Needing Money 1967-1968
1.6 Multiplexer Innovation: American Data Systems 1966-1968
1.7 Euphoric Markets and Venture Capital 1967-1968
1.8 Codex and Milgo Become Public Companies 1968
1.9 American Data Systems Off and Running 1968
1.10 Carterfone, Computer Inquiry I and Deregulation 1967-1968
1.11 In Perspective
Intergalactic Vision to Arpanet
2.0 Overview
2.1 Intergalactic Network: 1962-1964
2.2 The Seminal Experiment: 1965
2.6 Packet Switching
2.7 Planning the ARPANET 1967-1968
2.9 Bolt Beranek and Newman: The Winning Bid -1968
2.10 In Perspective
Modems and Multiplexers
3.0 Overview
3.1 Entrepreneurism Flourishes 1968-1972
3.2 The Economic Roller Coaster 1969-1975
3.3 AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1969
3.4 Codex Encounters Unexpected Problems: 1969
3.5 ADS Has a Blockbuster 1969
3.6 Codex Turns the Corner: 1970
3.8 AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1970-1971
3.9 Firms and Collective Behavior: The Creation of the IDCMA 1971
3.11 ADS Falls on Hard Times: 1971-1972
3.12 Codex Passes a Milestone: 1972
3.14 In Perspective
The Beginnings of Computer Networks
4.0 Overview
4.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969
4.2 Host-to-Host Software and The Network Working Group: 1968-1969
4.3 Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA: September 1969
4.4 IPTO Management Changes: 1969
4.5 Host-to-Host Software and The Network Control Program: 1970
4.6 Network Topology: 1969 – 1970
4.7 Network Measurement Center: 1969 – 1970
4.8 Early Surprises: 1969 – 1970
4.9 NWG and Host-to-Host Software: 1970 – 1971
4.10 ALOHAnet and Norm Abramson: 1966 – 1972
4.11 NPL Network and Donald Davies: 1966 - 1971
4.12 ICCC Demonstration: 1971 – 1972
4.13 In Perspective
LSI Modems, Statistical Multiplexers and Networks
5.0 Overview
5.1 Minicomputers, Distributed Data Processing and Microprocessors
5.2 The Justice Department: IBM and AT&T
5.3 Codex: LSI modems and Front-End Processors 1973
5.4 Wesley Chu and the Statistical Multiplexer 1966-1975
5.5 Codex: The LSI Modem and Competition 1974-1975
5.6 ADS: Rebirth as Micom 1973-1976
5.7 CPE Certification and Computer Inquiry II
5.8 Codex: The Statistical Multiplexer and Competition 1975-1976
5.9 Modems, Multiplexers and Networks 1976-1978
5.10 Micom: The Statistical Multiplexer 1976-1978
5.11 Codex and Motorola 1977-1978
5.12 Micom: Meteoric Success and Competition 1978-1979
5.13 In Perspective
Networking Protocols and Local Area Networks
6.0 Overview
6.1 Commercializing Arpanet: 1972-1975
6.2 Packet Radio and Robert Kahn: 1972-1974
6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972
6.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976
6.5 A Proliferation of Communication Projects
6.6 Token Ring and David Farber, UC Irvine and the NSF 1969-1974
6.7 Ethernet and Robert Metcalfe and Xerox PARC 1971-1975
6.8 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
6.9 Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978
6.10 Xerox Network System (XNS) 1977-1978
6.11 TCP to TCP/IP 1976 - 1979
6.12 Open System Interconnection (OSI) 1975 - 1979
6.13 National Bureau of Standards and MITRE 1971 - 1979
6.14 In Perspective
Local Area Networks and DataPBXs
7.0 Overview
7.1 The NBS and MITRE Workshop of January 1979
7.2 Prime Computer
7.3 The Workshop
7.4 Robert Metcalfe and Consulting 1979
7.5 MIT- The Laboratory of Computer Science
7.6 Digital Equipment Corporation
7.7 The NBS and MITRE Workshop of May 1979
7.8 Zilog
7.9 The Symposium
7.10 The Return of Venture Capital
7.11 Robert Metcalfe and the Founding of 3Com
7.12 Robert Pliner and the Founding of Sytek
7.13 Ralph Ungermann and Charlie Bass and the Founding of Ungermann-Bass
7.14 Micom: The DataPBX and IPO 1978-1981
7.15 Codex: The DataPBX 1978-1981
7.16 Sytek: A Broadband Network and Needing Cash
7.17 Ungermann-Bass: Xerox, Broadband and Needing a Chip
7.18 3Com: Product Strategy and Waiting for a PC
7.19 In Perspective
The PBX, the IBM PC and the Chaos of Competition
8.0 Overview
8.1 Emerging LAN Competition - 1981
8.2 Interlan
8.3 Bridge Communications
8.4 Proteon
8.5 Concord Data Systems
8.6 The Office of the Future, the PBX to CBX and AT&T
8.7 The IBM PC and IBM’s Token Ring LAN 1981-1982
8.8 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek – 1981
8.9 3Com
8.10 Ungermann-Bass
8.11 Sytek
8.12 The Data Communication Competitors 1981-1982
8.13 Micom
8.14 Codex
8.15 Other Data Communication Competitors
8.16 The Early LAN Competitors-1982
8.17 Interlan
8.18 Bridge Communications
8.19 Concord Data Systems
8.20 A Second Wave of LAN Competitors – 1982
8.21 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
8.22 Excelan
8.23 Communications Machinery Corporation (CMC)
8.24 General Electric
8.25 The Settlement of the AT&T and IBM Anti-Trust Lawsuits
8.26 The AT&T Settlement: January 1982
8.27 AT&T Introduces CBXs and LANs
8.28 AT&T CBXs & LANs Into 1984
8.29 Does IBM Need Both LANs and PBXs?
8.30 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek – 1982
8.31 3Com
8.32 Ungermann-Bass
8.33 Sytek
8.34 Ethernet Chips, Boundless Hope and Market Confusion
8.35 In Perspective
Local Area Networking Standards
9.0 Overview
9.1 Standards Making and the OSI Reference Model
9.2 IEEE Committee 802: 1979 – 1980
9.3 DIX (Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox): 1979 – 1980
9.4 IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 – 1981
9.5 ISO/ OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 – 1980
9.6 TCP/IP and XNS: 1979 - 1980
9.7 ISO/ OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1981 – 1982
9.8 TCP/IP and XNS: 1981 - 1983
9.9 IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
9.10 ISO/ OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
9.11 The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
9.12 In Perspective
LANs over Data PBXs
10.0 Overview
10.1 Alex Brown & Sons Conference: March 1983
10.2 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek: 1983 – 1984
10.3 3Com
10.4 Ungermann-Bass
10.5 Sytek
10.6 The Early LAN Competitors: 1983 – 1984
10.7 Interlan
10.8 Bridge Communications
10.9 Concord Data Systems
10.10 The Second Wave of LAN Competitors: 1983 – 1984
10.11 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
10.12 Excelan
10.13 The Data Communication Competitors: 1983 – 1984
10.14 Codex
10.15 Micom
10.16 New DataPBX Competitors
10.17 State of Competition: 1985
10.18 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek: 1985 –1986
10.19 3Com
10.20 Ungermann-Bass
10.21 Sytek
10.22 The Early LAN Competitors: 1985 - 1986
10.23 Interlan
10.24 Bridge Communications
10.25 Concord Data Systems
10.26 The Second Wave of LAN Competitors: 1985 - 1986
10.27 Excelan
10.28 Communications Machinery Corporation
10.29 The Data Communication Competitors: 1985-1986
10.30 Codex
10.31 Micom - Interlan
10.32 In Perspective
Data Networks Become WANs
11.0 Overview
11.1 The Revolution of Digital Transmission
11.2 AT&T and the T-1 Tariffs 1982-1984
11.3 The T-1 Multiplexer
11.4 The Beginnings of “Be Your Own Bell”
11.5 Data Communications: First Signs of Digital Networks 1982-1985
11.6 General DataComm
11.7 Timeplex
11.8 Codex
11.9 Micom
11.10 Digital Communication Associates
11.11 Other Data Communication Firms
11.12 Tymnet and the Caravan Project 1982
11.13 Entrepreneurs: The T-1 start-ups 1982-1985
11.14 Network Equipment Technologies
11.15 Cohesive Networks
11.16 Network Switching Systems
11.17 Spectrum Digital
11.18 Market Analysis: Samples of Expert’s Opinions 1984-1987
11.19 The Yankee Group
1120 Datapro Research
11.21 Alex. Brown & Sons
11.22 Salomon Brothers Inc.
11.23 T-1 Multiplexer OEM Relationships - 1985
11.24 Data Communication: Wide Area Networks 1985-1988
11.25 Digital Communication Associates
11.26 Network Equipment Technologies
11.27 Codex
11.28 Micom
11.29 Timeplex
11.30 Other Data Communication Firms
11.31 In Perspective
LANs Over WANs
12.0 Overview
12.1 The Trade Shows
12.3 NCC 1985
12.4 Autofact 1986
12.5 Monterey 198612.6 Bridges, Gateways and Routers
12.7 Internetworking Start-ups 1983-1987
12.8 Cisco
12.9 Wellfleet12.10 The completion of standards and protocols
12.11 NBS and COS
12.12 ENE Trade Show: May 1988
12.13 The Data Communication companies 1987-1988
12.14 Codex - Stratacom
12.15 Micom – breakup
12.16 Others – Milgo(Interlan), Timeplex(Unisys), Paradyne (AT&T)12.17 The Networking companies 1987-1988
12.18 3Com merges with Bridge Communications
12.19 Ungermann-Bass – merger into Tandem
12.20 Sytek - Hughes12.21 The Internetworking companies 1988
12.22 Cisco
12.23 Wellfleet12.24 NET – Excelan
12.25 Interop Trade Show: September 1988
12.26 Computer Communications Consolidation and Growth
12.27 The Growth of Computer Networking
12.28 In Perspective
In process
Entrepreneurial Capitalism & Innovation:
A History of Computer Communications
1968 - 1988
By James Pelkey
An overview of the book schema is presented in the Introduction.
It is organized by three dominant
co-evolving market sectors and standards making.
One can explore any market sectors from vision to adaptation - below.